{
  "id": "fx-cad-thb",
  "title": "Canadian dollar in Thai baht, annual average",
  "metric": "CAD/THB annual average of daily ECB reference rates",
  "unit": "THB per CAD (calendar-year mean of daily fixings)",
  "kind": "fx",
  "volatility": "annual",
  "direction_note": "lower = a Canadian dollar-denominated pension converts to fewer Thai baht in Thailand",
  "publisher": "No Margin Left",
  "source": {
    "label": "European Central Bank euro foreign exchange reference rates, daily history (eurofxref-hist)",
    "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/eurofxref/eurofxref-hist.zip"
  },
  "license": "CC BY 4.0",
  "license_url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
  "attribution": "No Margin Left, \"Canadian dollar in Thai baht, annual average\" (CAD/THB annual average of daily ECB reference rates). CC BY 4.0. https://nomarginleft.com/data/fx-cad-thb.json",
  "canonical": "https://nomarginleft.com/data/fx-cad-thb.json",
  "csv": "https://nomarginleft.com/data/fx-cad-thb.csv",
  "retrieved": "2026-08-12",
  "stale": false,
  "observations": [
    {
      "date": "2006",
      "value": 33.451,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12",
      "note": "255 daily fixings; the base year of the real-purchasing-power panel; also near the peak of the 2003-2011 commodity-currency cycle for AUD and CAD.",
      "readings": [
        {
          "value": 33.451,
          "source": {
            "label": "ECB euro reference rates, mean of all daily fixings in the year",
            "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/eurofxref/eurofxref-hist.zip"
          },
          "retrieved_via": "eurofxref-hist.csv, cross-rate arithmetic"
        },
        {
          "value": 33.405,
          "source": {
            "label": "World Bank PA.NUS.FCRF (Thailand, LCU per USD, annual average) crossed with FRED DEXCAUS (CAD per USD) annual average",
            "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/TH;PH/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?format=json"
          },
          "retrieved_via": "independent reconstruction — World Bank annual averages x Federal Reserve H.10 daily averages"
        }
      ],
      "rationale": "Two independently assembled readings agree to 0.14%. The ECB figure is resolved as the value because the whole panel is built from one file on one set of dates; the World Bank x Federal Reserve reconstruction exists to show the panel is not an artefact of the ECB's fixing convention.\n"
    },
    {
      "date": "2007",
      "value": 30.165,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12"
    },
    {
      "date": "2008",
      "value": 31.1,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12",
      "note": "256 daily fixings; global financial crisis; the commodity currencies fall hard and recover."
    },
    {
      "date": "2009",
      "value": 30.1864,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12"
    },
    {
      "date": "2010",
      "value": 30.7766,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12"
    },
    {
      "date": "2011",
      "value": 30.8344,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12",
      "note": "257 daily fixings; the alternative base year — the commodity-currency peak proper."
    },
    {
      "date": "2012",
      "value": 31.0961,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12"
    },
    {
      "date": "2013",
      "value": 29.827,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12"
    },
    {
      "date": "2014",
      "value": 29.4243,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12"
    },
    {
      "date": "2015",
      "value": 26.8059,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12",
      "note": "256 daily fixings; mid-window reference."
    },
    {
      "date": "2016",
      "value": 26.6466,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12"
    },
    {
      "date": "2017",
      "value": 26.155,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12"
    },
    {
      "date": "2018",
      "value": 24.9597,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12"
    },
    {
      "date": "2019",
      "value": 23.3933,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12"
    },
    {
      "date": "2020",
      "value": 23.3384,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12",
      "note": "257 daily fixings; pandemic year; the baht holds, the peso does not move much either."
    },
    {
      "date": "2021",
      "value": 25.5418,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12"
    },
    {
      "date": "2022",
      "value": 26.9382,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12"
    },
    {
      "date": "2023",
      "value": 25.7864,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12"
    },
    {
      "date": "2024",
      "value": 25.7699,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12"
    },
    {
      "date": "2025",
      "value": 23.5163,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12",
      "note": "255 daily fixings; the last complete calendar year in the panel.",
      "readings": [
        {
          "value": 23.5163,
          "source": {
            "label": "ECB euro reference rates, mean of all daily fixings in the year",
            "url": "https://www.ecb.europa.eu/stats/eurofxref/eurofxref-hist.zip"
          },
          "retrieved_via": "eurofxref-hist.csv, cross-rate arithmetic"
        },
        {
          "value": 23.534,
          "source": {
            "label": "World Bank PA.NUS.FCRF (Thailand, LCU per USD, annual average) crossed with FRED DEXCAUS (CAD per USD) annual average",
            "url": "https://api.worldbank.org/v2/country/TH;PH/indicator/PA.NUS.FCRF?format=json"
          },
          "retrieved_via": "independent reconstruction — World Bank annual averages x Federal Reserve H.10 daily averages"
        }
      ],
      "rationale": "Two independently assembled readings agree to 0.08%. The ECB figure is resolved as the value because the whole panel is built from one file on one set of dates; the World Bank x Federal Reserve reconstruction exists to show the panel is not an artefact of the ECB's fixing convention.\n"
    },
    {
      "date": "2026-08",
      "value": 23.3761,
      "confidence": "sourced",
      "checked": "2026-08-12",
      "note": "Partial year: mean of the 156 fixings from 1 January to 12 August 2026. Not comparable with the complete-year rows above and excluded from the 2006-2025 panel; carried so the series does not end nineteen months short."
    }
  ],
  "corrections": []
}